What is Bidirectional Charging?

Bidirectional charging allows power to flow both to and from an electric vehicle’s battery. While typical EV chargers convert alternating current (AC) from the grid into direct current (DC) for battery storage, bidirectional systems can also invert the flow, converting DC power from the battery back into AC for use in your home or on the grid.

If your EV is equipped with this technology, it becomes more than just a car—it’s a mobile energy storage unit that can power anything from laptops to entire homes, and even feed electricity back into the grid.

Different Types of Bidirectional Charging

There are several specific applications of this technology:

  • Vehicle-to-Load (V2L): Powers external devices like tools or appliances directly from your car—great for camping or emergencies. Vehicles like the Hyundai Ioniq 5, KIA EV6, Ford F-150 Lightning, and Rivian R1T have onboard inverters and outlets that enable V2L.

  • Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) / Vehicle-to-Building (V2B): Sends energy from your car to your home during outages. This setup requires a bidirectional charger and smart energy management equipment, such as CT meters and transfer switches.

  • Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G): Enables your car to export power back to the grid, typically during high demand. In exchange, you might receive bill credits or incentives from your utility provider.
  • Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X): A catch-all term for these technologies, encompassing V2L, V2H, and V2G.

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How Close Are We to Using Bidirectional Charging at Home?

This technology is rapidly developing, with more manufacturers and utilities getting on board. Currently, only a limited number of EVs support bidirectional functions. Here's an updated list:

V2L-Capable Vehicles (as of 2025):

  • Hyundai Ioniq 5

  • KIA EV6

  • Rivian R1T

  • Ford F-150 Lightning

  • Volkswagen ID.4 and ID.Buzz

  • BYD Atto 3 / Han EV (select markets)

  • MG ZS EV (not available in the U.S.)

V2H-Capable Vehicles:

  • Ford F-150 Lightning

  • Nissan Leaf ZE1

  • Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV

V2G-Ready Vehicles:

  • Nissan Leaf (first to support V2G at scale)

  • Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV

  • Some Ford and Hyundai vehicles (in pilot programs)

As battery tech improves and grid integration advances, more models are expected to support bidirectional charging in the near future. The International Energy Agency projects 130 million EVs on the road globally by 2030—each one a potential energy source.

Will EVs Overload the Grid?

It’s a fair concern—but studies suggest no. For instance, California currently has around 1 million EVs and is preparing for 5 million by 2030. Even then, they’re expected to use just 7% of the state’s annual electricity and 1% of peak demand. Most EVs charge during off-peak hours (overnight), and with smart-charging and demand-response programs, they can even help flatten spikes in grid usage.

With bidirectional charging, EVs can serve as emergency power sources and even help stabilize the grid during extreme events.

But Does it Work? Case Studies

Bidirectional charging has moved beyond theory into real-world pilots and deployments:

Roanoke Electric Cooperative (NC):

  • Used two Nissan Leafs and one Fermata Energy bidirectional charger.

  • Saved the utility $2,600/year and reduced building demand charges by over $115/month.

White Plains School District (NY):

  • Added five electric school buses equipped with Nuvve V2G chargers.

  • Buses provided grid support without additional battery degradation.

Durango School District (CO):

  • Partnered with La Plata Electric Association using one electric bus.

  • The bus could power 30 homes for 2 hours, discharging during peak times and recharging off-peak.

Nissan’s Blue Switch Program (Japan):

  • Sends fully charged Nissan Leafs to disaster-struck regions.

  • One Leaf e+ can power a home for up to four days or charge 6,200 phones.
Lightning bolt strikes behind electric pole

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Financial and Social Benefits

For EV owners, bidirectional charging means:

  • Emergency Backup: Power critical systems during blackouts.

  • Energy Savings: Shift charging to off-peak hours and avoid peak demand rates.

  • Revenue Potential: Sell power back to the grid (rate arbitrage).

  • Support for Nonprofits/Schools: Use school buses and fleet vehicles as energy resources.

Utilities and municipalities can also use EV fleets as virtual power plants, minimizing reliance on costly, polluting peaker plants.

Government Support and What’s Next

Bidirectional charging is getting a boost from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and state-level pilot programs:

Duke Energy + Ford (NC/SC):

  • 100 customers will lease Ford F-150 Lightnings for reduced rates.

  • In exchange, their vehicles supply energy during peak demand.

PG&E (California):

  • Pilot includes 1,000 residential and 400 commercial participants.

  • Offers incentives for installing bidirectional equipment and supplying energy to the grid.

More programs are likely on the way. If your utility doesn’t yet support V2G, you may still benefit from V2L or V2H, as long as you have a compatible EV and bidirectional charger.

Looking Ahead

The full potential of bidirectional charging is only beginning to be tapped. As more EVs hit the road, we’re not just changing how we drive—we’re rethinking how we power the world.

Imagine:

  • Disaster relief supported by fleets of EVs

  • Schools and hospitals lowering costs with V2G energy sales

  • Remote communities powered by mobile batteries

  • Zero-emission infrastructure across entire cities

With bidirectional charging, your EV isn’t just transportation—it’s transformation.

There is a lot of potential for bidirectional charging, but also some complications. As of today, only a few electric cars on the market are currently capable of bidirectional charging, though there are more on the way. How many - and which - EVs have this technology and how might bidirectional charging change the way we think about our cars?